Eight thousand spring and autumn jade articles in China

Jade, bronze and porcelain are important representatives of ancient Chinese culture. After thousands of years of ups and downs, the Chinese still have a love of jade. This belief and love comes from the traditional culture in addition to the beauty of jade.

In the traditional concept, jade is a beautiful stone. Liu Bin quoted the Eastern Han Xu Shen in the "Said Wen Jie Zi" summed up the predecessors' connotation of the natural and human attributes of jade: "Jade, the beauty of stone, there are five virtues." Jade has a history of more than 8,000 years in China, and it has undergone a process from decoration to ritual, from moral personality to secular. Therefore, exploring the history of jade articles for thousands of years can be said to be an important way to understand the history and culture of the Chinese nation.

The earliest jade articles in the age of discovery are about 8,000 years ago, the most representative of which is the jade. "To 6,000 years ago, Yuhua, a representative jade of conceptual form, gradually lost its unique status. Instead, it was firstly jade (see Figure 1), which in turn produced jade bracelets, jade and many others. New jade species. Jade is a symbol of aristocratic women, and male tombs are not unearthed." Liu Bin explained the pictures while explaining.

Later, after the Neolithic Age of China entered the mid-term, that is, around 5,000 years ago, the interior of each cultural circle was further strengthened and unified. The beliefs in this period gradually formed their independent introverted tendencies, such as jade articles. The objects of ideas and powers are systematic and ritual, and the form of beliefs evolves from the original concept of abstract form to a more iconic concept of idol; from the worship of nature and animals to the worship of humanity or personification.

Personalized jade

As mentioned above, jade is a beautiful symbol in Chinese characters. In historical books, the records about the concept of using jade and jade are mainly found in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. "Book of Rites Yuzao" said: "The ancient gentleman will wear jade, ... the gentleman has no reason, the jade does not go to the body, the gentleman and the jade than the German." "Book of Songs" æ›°: "Like the gentleman, Wen Qiru jade." "Zhou Li" records: "Jade as a six-piece, to the heavens and the earth.

In the sky, to the Yellow Emperor, to the Qing Dynasty, to the east, to the south, to the white tiger, to the west, to the north. ”

In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the wind of Chongyu reached an unprecedented grand occasion. The allusions of "When you return to Zhao" and "With the beaded beak" are passed down through the ages. The jade articles such as "The Hegemony of the Heshi" and "The Pearl of the Moon" are regarded as the treasures of the world, causing disputes between the princes, so that Mozi, Han Feizi and many others The thinker said that he criticized the wind of this jade.

Deified jade

The Qin and Han Dynasties and the Northern and Southern Dynasties further developed the concept of spiritual objects since ancient times, and the custom of jade corpse is unprecedented. Liu Bin pointed out that in "Zhou Li" there is a record of "dredging, smashing to corpse." In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were generally only jade and jade, while the Han Dynasty developed into a jade that wrapped the entire body in gold, silver or copper. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, "Bao Puzi" said that "Jinyu is in Jiuyi, then the dead are immortal." Ordinary people generally only put jade in the mouth or in their hands, and "after the Han etiquette" is called "rice containing Zhuyu."

Judging from the evolution of the jade articles of the Han Dynasty, since the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the jade system has become more and more complete, and the decorative jade tends to be simplified. "The so-called jade system is complete, it refers to the funeral jade system, the Han Dynasty prevails in a thick burial atmosphere, from the royal family to the bureaucrats, all of them are attached to the funeral. In the funeral jade system, the most important thing is the use of jade clothes." Liu Bin continues to tell "Yuyi, also known as jade, is the swearing used by the emperors and senior nobles of the Han Dynasty. "The Houyi Book of the Han Dynasty" contains: 'The princes, the princes, the princes, the princes, the princesses, all give gifts.玺 柙 柙 柙 柙 大 大 大 大 大 大 大 大 大 大 大 大 大 大 大 大 大 大 大 大 大 大 大 大 大 大 大 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '. The court is a minister.

Promoting thin burial during the period of Cao Wei

According to the "Three Kingdoms Weishu Wudi" and other documents, Cao Cao died in Luoyang in the 25th year of Jian'an and was buried in Gaoling. Gaoling is located in the south of Xigao Village, Anfeng Township, Anyang County, Henan Province. The plane of the tomb is a typeface. Sitting west to the east is a double-room brick tomb with a slope tomb. The scale is large and the structure is complex. Although the tomb was stolen many times, some important funerary objects survived. Archaeologists unearthed more than 200 pieces of utensils, including gold, silver, jade and other textures. There are copper belt shame, iron armor, iron sword and jade beads. Crystal beads, agate beads, stone turtles, stone plaques, stone pillows, stone tablets, etc.

Cao Cao opposed the thick burial. As early as ten years in Jian'an, he ordered that "people can't rehabilitate and bury their burial, and all of them are ruined." Wei Wendi Cao Yu also believes that the world is turbulent. "The Hans are all excavated, and they are burning jade."匣金缕,骸骨尽尽尽,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, The system of burial with jade clothes. Liu Bin explained: "From the perspective of archaeological excavations, the jade clothing after the Eastern Han Dynasty has not been discovered so far. In the tombs of the Cao Wei period, jade articles were rarely unearthed. It can be seen that under the influence of Cao Cao and his sons actively promoting the burial measures, the two Han dynasties formed over four hundred years. The system of burial jade gradually declined and eventually disappeared."

Secularized jade

After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the concept of jade has undergone a major transformation. The concept of jade in etiquette and spirituality has been gradually weakened. It is only used as a precious and beautiful material. Only the royal family still uses jade articles such as yu, gong and so on. Generally, jade crafts are made into secular life, and realistic art techniques express life and social thoughts at that time. . Auspicious patterns such as dragons, phoenixes, and peony, and the inherent themes such as "Ji Qing Yu Yu", "Five Sons", and "Fu Lu Longevity" have become common contents in jade carving. "Buddha", "Guanyin", "Rohan" and so on are also common themes since the Tang and Song Dynasties, and formed the "Yu Feitian" of the Tang Dynasty, the "turtle nest lotus leaf" and "Jade Boy" in the Song Dynasty, and the jade of the Jin and Yuan Dynasties Masterpieces such as Chunshui and Yuqiu Mountain.

The development of Chinese jade articles to the Qing Dynasty was the peak period. The Qing Dynasty’s old Tibetan Song Dynasty “Dayu Water Control Map” Yushan (see Figure 2) is the largest jade carving in ancient China. According to the Qing Dynasty archives, this jade was collected from the Milata Mountain in Hetian, Xinjiang. The original jade material weighed about 10,700 kilograms. It was transported from Xinjiang to Beijing after three years. It was transported to Yangzhou by waterway, and Yangzhou, which is good at making Yushan. The jade industry has been made for six years. After being transported back to Beijing, the office made the jade singer and placed it in Le Shoutang, sharing ten years before and after.

After eight thousand years of baptism, jade has always played the role of auspicious things in Chinese culture, and it is now a jade of popularization.